Preparation and Performance Test of PEFB Reinforced Box Waste Coated Superhydrophobic Coating for Shoe Sole Application

The study presents preparation and performance test of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (PEFB) reinforced box waste coated superhydrophobic coating for shoe sole application. The main purpose of this analysis is to determine the optimal composition of PEFB reinforced with box waste for use in shoe soles. In this study, the use of PEFB and box waste is to replace the synthetic materials in the application of the shoe sole. Additionally, the environmental problems can be reduced by using waste PEFB as a value-added product rather than biomass waste. Sample preparation involved grinding of PEFB fibers and box waste, blending processes of different PEFB percentages at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% mixed with 50% box waste.  Followed by the process of mixing with epoxy and hardener, and finally coated with superhydrophobic coating using spray gun method. Epoxy resin and hardener are used as binder for the bonding between the PEFB fiber matrix and the box waste to be applied to the shoe sole. The study was carried out in both mechanical and physical studies. The test for tensile strength showed 40% PEFB reinforced with 50% box waste with 181.36N maximum load and 16.70% of strain. The 40% PEFB composition showed the optimum bursting pressure to 13.62kgf and the abrasion resistance had the lower weight loss of 0.28 g. The 80% higher proportion of PEFB indicates a lower density of 1.06g/cm3 and a higher porosity of up to 0.44%. It is also revealed that 40% box waste provided the best composition for the application of the shoe soles

Utilization of banana (musa paradisiaca) peel as bioplastic for planting bag application

This research aims to utilise banana (Musa Paradisiaca) peel to be incorporated into biodegradable planting bag as well as to evaluate its mechanical and physical properties in order to compare with the commercial biodegradable planting bag. The preparation of samples involved several stages where banana peels (BP) were isolated from the chaff and chopped into smaller sizes about 2 cm in length. Then, the peels were oven-dried at 70℃ and grinded into the range diameter of 23 mm particle sizes. Dried ground banana peels were then extracted by maceration method and later were incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) with eight different concentration of BP. Experimental tests were conducted to characterize and evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of the biodegradable plastic. In terms of density and porosity, bioplastic of 40 wt.% BP exhibited highest density and lowest porosity of 1.316 g/cm3 and 0.097% respectively. Furthermore, bioplastic of 10 wt.% BP withstand the highest tear resistance up to 66.388 N/mm. In terms of biodegradability, banana peel-based biodegradable plastic degraded much faster with average percentage of weight loss of 65.1% than that of the commercial biodegradable plastic with only average percentage of weight loss of 29.5% within the period of eight weeks

Environmental effects of natural dyes and syntetic dyes: a comparison

Dyes is important to add colorant on fabrics. The dyeing process makes a fabric colourful and attractive. However, the waste disposed by dyeing process was hazard to environment especially synthetic dyes. Most of the textile industry uses synthetic dyes compared to natural dyes. This happens because natural dyes are difficult to extract its colour. Four types of natural and synthetic dyes were reviewed in this study. It was understood that all types of dyes have its advantages and disadvantages. Natural dyes have poor colour fastness compared to synthetic dyes. Besides, natural dyes can combine with synthetic dyes for greater commercial dyeing. Dyeing is one of the method to beautify the appearance of fabrics. It is a process to add colour to textile products like yarn, fiber and fabrics. Dyeing can be divided into synthetic dyes and natural dyes whereas can be produced either chemically or by plants. Synthetic dyes are man-made and normally made from synthetic resources such as petroleum by-products and earth minerals while natural dyes are from plant and animal sources. Most of the textile industry is using synthetic dyes compared to natural dyes. Natural dyes are hardly to extract their colour and environmentally friendly. Synthetic dyes can be extracted easily but brings harmful effect to environment. Unfortunately, the exact amount of dyes produced in the world is still unknown. It is estimated that the production of dyes to be over 10,000 tons per year. Exact data on the quantity of dyes discharged in the environment are also not available (Forgacs and Cserhátia, 2004)

Utilization dyeing process of coffea pigment as superhydrophobic coating on fabric application

Synthetic pigments and dyes was frequently used for textile products in order to fulfill the customers demand because it is less expensive and high durability compared to natural pigments or dyes. Therefore, the contribution of synthetic dyes waste water is higher and it becomes one of cause of hazardous pollution to the environment. Factories that discharge this dye waste water are harmful toxic waste and high chemical usage which can give a bad effect to the human health [1]. An alternative way need to be considered in order to overcome the problems that comes from the synthetics dyes. The alternative way that were studied in this project as the solution to the problems stated was by using natural resources which is coffee as a colorant for pigmentation or dyeing in order to replace the harmful synthetic dyeing [2]. Robusta coffee or Coffea canephora is chosen as the pigments colorant because it has minimal environmental impacts compare to synthetic pigments. Natural pigments are not harmful to the environment, which makes it so captivating for consumers. Natural pigments are biodegradable and disposing them will not lead to pollution [3]. Furthermore, natural pigments are safe to use. It does not cause any harm or health problem when abstain. Pigment appearance is altered by selective absorption and by scattering of light [4]. Other than that, different composition of natural pigments can give a wide-range of colour by modifying the concentration percentage of pigments ingredients such as Robusta coffee which brew for pigments in order to provide a varied brown colour to textile fabrics. The superhydrophobic coating fabrics for textile application provide a durable water repellent which is useful for fabrics in order to protect them from water. In addition, the fabric also can be easily clean [5]

The innovation of cotton fiber from recycled cloth as coloring agent for polypropylene via injection moulding

Plastics can be coloured in many different ways. In the present application, the colouring agent that is used in the plastic industries are the dyes and pigments. Both methods are sustantially different and produce specific results. Dyes are defined as colourants that are (completely) soluble in a polymer at the processing temperature. Pigments are organic or inorganic solid particles that are insoluble in polymers..

The effects of lawsonia inermis pigmentation for superhydrophobic properties on cotton fabrics

Nowadays, there are many things that can be produced easily by the help of modern technologies. This include the synthetic materials that can be developed by using any advance machine that was manufactured [1]. However, those synthetics materials that was developed may bring harm to the environment. Their particles can be spread resulting an unhealthy atmosphere. Thus, the natural resources was used to produce an authentic materials (Calarge, 2018). In the recent years, textile industry has been developed significantly and contributes to the growth of Malaysia’s economy [2]. It can be categorized as one of the complicated industries among the manufacturing industries such as food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries [3]. Thus, the textile industries require high water consumption and resulting on high discharge rate of wastewater that loaded with contaminants [2]. The generation of wastewater from textile industry comes from the manufacturing process of textile fabrics such as washing scouring bleaching, mercerizing, and dyeing and finishing process. The highest amount of wastewater that produced from textile industries come from the process of dyeing and finishing. The contaminants of water that produced by dyeing and finishing process include high suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), heat, colour, acidity, basicity, and other organic pollutants [4]. This matter has to be seriously concerned as it may lead to allergic responses, eczema, and also affect the liver, lungs, and immune system of humans as well as animals [3]. The purpose for the project of the effects of Lawsonia Inermis was basically to produce a natural pigment that may not harm the environmen

Utilization of garcinia mangostana dyes for superhydrophobic oncotton textile application

The demand for textile products has increases rapidly nowadays and so did the production. Hence, people tend use synthetics dyes because it is cheaper and more durable as compared to natural dyes. Therefore, synthetic dyes has contributed to dye wastewater and becomes one of the causes of outrageous pollution in nowadays. Factories that discharge this wastewater as harmful toxic waste, colourfull and organic chemicals from dyeing. Chemicals such as sulphur, vat dyes, arsenic, and certain auxiliary chemicals make the wastewater highly toxic and poisonous [1]. In order to overcome this problem, an alternative way has to be found. One of the alternative way is to make a good use of the waste from the nature, for example, the peel of mangosteen. Mangosteen or known as Garcinia mangostana is one of the fruits that can be found easily in Malaysia during monsoon season. So, the difficulty of getting these fruits are not very hard. However, the rind of mangosteens are non-edible and being thrown unknowingly by most of the people in Malaysia. The rinds of the fruits contain high level of anthocyanin pigments which can be used in dyeing application of fabric. The utilization of fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana will help to reduce biodegradable wastes in the environment. Its reuse or recycling will also aids in the halting of the release of greenhouse gases. Natural dyes are beneficial to the environment and it can reduces the water pollution [2]

Investigation of dyeing based on pandanus amaryllifolius for superhydrophobic coating in cotton-polyester blended in textile application

Natural dyes are derived from natural resources. Colouring materials obtained from natural resources of plant, animal, mineral, and microbial origins were used for colouration of various textile materials. Use of natural dyes started fall after the invention of synthetic dyes in the second half of the nineteenth century. The synthetic dyes were rapidly industrialization of textile production resulted in almost complete replacement of natural dyes by synthetic dyes because their easy availability simple application process, better fastness properties and consistency of shades [1]. Recent environmental awareness has again revived interest in natural dyes mainly among environmentally conscious people. Natural pigments are considered eco-friendly as these are renewable and biodegradable which is skin friendly and provide healthier benefits to the wearer [2]. Pandanus amaryllifolius also called as pandan leaf is a tropical plant that under screw pine genus and it can be easily found all around in Malaysia. It is a genus monocotyledon plants with over 750 accepted species. Extraction of green pigments from pandanus amaryllifolius to produce an organic pigment for fabric dyeing can become an alternative of synthetic pigments. Organic pigments also can be classified as a biochrome substance which is produced by living organisms. These biological pigments include flower and plant pigments [3]

A Comparative Study Between Conventional Concrete and Concrete Made from Plastic Waste by Using SolidWorks Software

Production of conventional concrete leads to several negative impacts on the environment while the plastic waste concrete can effectively overcome the environmental issues and having better performance than conventional concrete. Therefore, this research presents the works in producing new concrete by replacing the fine aggregates in concrete by using a mixture of soft and hard plastic waste with different ratios density. In addition, this research also aims to evaluate the mechanical and physical properties of different ratios of fine aggregate plastic waste in producing a concrete. At the end of this research, a comparison is made between the optimum composition of plastic waste concrete and conventional concrete. This study is conducted by using SolidWorks software version 2021. The tests conducted include compressive strength test, drop test, and failure analysis. The results from the compressive strength test revealed that a force at 100kN with 20% plastic waste (Sample B) showed the highest stress (18.91 MPa). Meanwhile, from the drop height of 2.0m, the impact strength of Sample B showed the highest result with a value of 7.830 x106 N/m2. However, failure analysis results revealed that Sample B has more cracking than Sample A. From the study carried out, it can be summarised that an optimum replacement of 20% plastic waste as fine aggregates in a concrete gives the best performance is the most suitable option to be used as a replacement concrete in lightweight construction

Analysis of epoxy composite with diapers waste as fillers: relationship of density, porosity and sound absorption coefficient

In this study, epoxy composites consisting of diapers waste (DW) as filler to improve the strength of the materials were produced by hand lay-up fabrication process. The inclusion of the DW significantly improves the sound absorption properties of epoxy composites. This study analyzes the relationship between the density, porosity and sound absorption coefficient properties of different weight ratio of the DW in the epoxy composites. Density and porosity is the key factor for acoustic efficiency determination in the same composite form. It can be mainly attributed to great number of voids which more porous and less dense into the matrix, increasing the sound absorption efficiency of the epoxy composites materials. The properties of the diapers waste are lightweight which show that, the incorporation of the diapers waste as fillers in the epoxy composite shows lower value of the density while increase in terms of porosity. Ratio 0.5 DW/epoxy had the most excellent properties in terms of lower density, higher porosity and sound absorption coefficient with 0.93 SAC score